Collectively, we hope the current discussion helps researchers to describe the contributions and limitations of lab-based aggression research and, ultimately, helps to improve the informativeness of lab-based aggression research.Īggression is a common feature of social interactions and, thus, has been a topic of study for social scientists for decades. ![]() The current conceptual review examines the criteria that are necessary to study aggression in a laboratory setting, discusses the strengths and weaknesses of several new and/or commonly-used lab-based aggression paradigms, and offers recommendations for the future of lab-based aggression research. Accordingly, social scientists have developed several tasks to study aggression in laboratory settings tasks that we refer to as “lab-based aggression paradigms.” However, because of the legal, ethical, and practical issues inherent in provoking aggression within the confines of a laboratory setting, it is feasible to study only very mildly harmful aggression. To improve the success and productivity of a gravel pack during this period, emphasis was placed on improved completion techniques, i.e., filtered fluids, perforating, and gravel sizing.Aggression is often defined as a behavior that is done with the intent to harm an individual who is believed to want avoid being harmed (e.g., Baron & Richardson, 1994). This combination was necessary to prevent the gravel from bridging in tubing or in gravel-packing tools. The use of low-viscosity fluids meant the placement of gravel had to be accomplished placement of gravel had to be accomplished using high pump rates (3 to 6 bbl/min) and low gravel concentrations (1/4 to 1/2 lb/gal). Prior to the late 1960's, the fluids used for gravel placement were salt water, low-viscosity crudes, and muds. Gravel-placement techniques have evolved through the years from simply dumping gravel down the wellbore to pumping gravel through very sophisticated tools, port collars, and combination packers. The principles of gravel packing are based on the theory of sand bridging to create a highly permeable filter of gravel between the sand producing formation and production equipment. Therefore, these studies should lead to better future job designs and application techniques. As a result of the observations presented in this paper, the engineer can gather new insights on paper, the engineer can gather new insights on treatment performance and pack stability. Both low-viscosity fluids carrying low concentrations of gravel and high-viscosity fluids carrying high concentrations of gravel were evaluated. Sand transport through perforation tunnels.ĭifferent treatment parameters were studied, including the effects of viscosity, sand concentration, method of application, hole condition, and deviation. The effect of slurry density and viscosity on fluid displacement. These studies can be broken down into five major areas of interest. The results and observations were correlated with previous field experience in Louisiana and previous field experience in Louisiana and California. ![]() This model was used to examine visually the placement of gravel outside the perforations and inside the annulus between the liner and casing. In order to better understand past problems and experiences in field applications of problems and experiences in field applications of gravel-packing treatments, a field-size acrylic well model was constructed.
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